Prices of polysilicon products, the main raw ingredient in solar products, have risen recently due to reduced production and favorable policies to promote domestic demand, injecting some hope into the industry amid its problems with overcapacity, analysts told the Global Times Monday.
The prices sank to a record low in the fourth quarter of 2012 when exports of solar panel products to the US and European Union stalled.
The US gave final approval on November 7, 2012 for anti-dumping duties ranging from 18.32 to 249.96 percent and additional countervailing duties of 14.78 to 15.97 percent on solar-energy products from China over the next five years. The EU also launched probes into Chinese solar panels in September and November last year.
China, the world's biggest producer of solar power products, imports half of its polysilicon materials mainly from the US and EU for assembling solar cells and panels that are then re-exported to these markets.
The average price of polysilicon reached 136,163 yuan ($21,962) per ton Monday, up 16 percent from mid-December, according to data from market intelligence agency Sunsirs China Commodity Data Group.
The higher price means that polysilicon producers can break even and even make a slight profit of 1 to 2 percent, Zhang Ming, a market analyst with Sunsirs, told the Global Times Monday.
"Many polysilicon manufacturers have gone bankrupt and only one out of 10 producers maintained production last year due to overcapacity issues," Zhang said.
China has allowed the connection of photovoltaic solar power producers to the State grid and has launched policies to boost domestic demand for solar power, which also contributed to the recovery of upstream raw materials, he said.
The price of solar panel products has also increased slightly to $0.7 per unit from a record low of $0.6 last year, Meng Xian'gan, deputy director of the China Renewable Energy Society, told the Global Times Monday.
However, it is too early to say that the slowdown in the sector has bottomed out, Meng said.
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Thursday, February 21, 2013
Incentives Push Massachusetts Residents to Go Solar
To be green, sometimes you need to spend a little green. That’s the lesson Massachusetts officials have learned by enticing homeowners to invest in renewable energy through tax breaks, rebates and other economic incentives.
Since 1979, Massachusetts has offered a $1,000, one-time tax credit to homeowners who install solar systems, but that incentive didn’t exactly push residents to invest in these relatively costly systems.
What really drove the solar energy market, according to Dwayne Breger, director of the Division of Renewable Energy at the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER), was the legislature’s passage in 2008 of the Green Communities Act. Among its most notable initiatives, the legislation established one of the nation’s first renewable energy portfolio standards (RPS), requiring that 15 percent of the state’s electricity come from renewable energy sources by 2020. For the record, Rhode Island beat its neighbor to the north by establishing an RPS four years earlier at 16 percent by the end of 2019.
To enact this and other green legislation, the state created the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) in 2009. The agency started providing rebates to homeowners, businesses and municipalities that installed solar power systems with the capacity to generate up to 15 kilowatts.
DOER also implemented a solar carve-out program, which issues a solar renewable energy certificate (SREC) to solar system owners for each megawatt-hour of electricity they generate. SRECs trade at market value, which floats currently between $200 and $250 apiece — a price often higher than fossil fuel-generated electricity. Retail electric suppliers gobble up these certificates, as they are required by state law to buy a certain number of them annually in support of renewable energy production.
If homeowners are hesitant to invest in the upfront costs of a photovoltaic system, third-party businesses have stepped in to fill the void by installing the equipment and racking up SRECs while hosts enjoy lower energy costs.
“It may take an upfront cost, but the payback with incentives is quite strong,” Breger said. “If you don’t want to have the upfront cost, you can do the third-party arrangement and have small but immediate energy-cost savings over time.
So far, nearly 4,000 residential solar projects have been installed and only 10 of the state’s 351 cities and towns don’t have some form of solar activity, Breger said.
Since 1979, Massachusetts has offered a $1,000, one-time tax credit to homeowners who install solar systems, but that incentive didn’t exactly push residents to invest in these relatively costly systems.
What really drove the solar energy market, according to Dwayne Breger, director of the Division of Renewable Energy at the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER), was the legislature’s passage in 2008 of the Green Communities Act. Among its most notable initiatives, the legislation established one of the nation’s first renewable energy portfolio standards (RPS), requiring that 15 percent of the state’s electricity come from renewable energy sources by 2020. For the record, Rhode Island beat its neighbor to the north by establishing an RPS four years earlier at 16 percent by the end of 2019.
To enact this and other green legislation, the state created the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) in 2009. The agency started providing rebates to homeowners, businesses and municipalities that installed solar power systems with the capacity to generate up to 15 kilowatts.
DOER also implemented a solar carve-out program, which issues a solar renewable energy certificate (SREC) to solar system owners for each megawatt-hour of electricity they generate. SRECs trade at market value, which floats currently between $200 and $250 apiece — a price often higher than fossil fuel-generated electricity. Retail electric suppliers gobble up these certificates, as they are required by state law to buy a certain number of them annually in support of renewable energy production.
If homeowners are hesitant to invest in the upfront costs of a photovoltaic system, third-party businesses have stepped in to fill the void by installing the equipment and racking up SRECs while hosts enjoy lower energy costs.
“It may take an upfront cost, but the payback with incentives is quite strong,” Breger said. “If you don’t want to have the upfront cost, you can do the third-party arrangement and have small but immediate energy-cost savings over time.
So far, nearly 4,000 residential solar projects have been installed and only 10 of the state’s 351 cities and towns don’t have some form of solar activity, Breger said.
Monday, February 18, 2013
PV industry capacity imbalance pressure still in the consolidation and restructuring of focus
2012, photovoltaic products appear serious imbalance between supply and demand, product prices have fallen sharply, foreign polysilicon enterprises to China, dumping large quantities of low-cost polysilicon products, resulting in industry-wide losses of 90% of the domestic polysilicon enterprises Discontinued. Country ten PV companies listed in the U.S. debt had reached 111 billion yuan, the average debt ratio of close to 70%. "China Photovoltaic Industry Association Secretary-General Wang Bo said.
China Renewable Energy Society Vice President Meng XianGan of you said, "in 2013, the PV industry will enter a deep industrial restructuring period." December 19, 2012, is undoubtedly good news for China's photovoltaic solar panel industry. The State Council, while emphasizing in market Daobi mechanism to encourage corporate mergers and acquisitions, eliminate backward production capacity. On the other hand, strict control of new project simply expand the production capacity of polysilicon, photovoltaic cells and modules.
"These policy measures are bound to a certain extent, to accelerate the industry reshuffle 2013, the PV industry will enter a depth industry adjustment to eliminate a number of capacity inefficient, high-cost photovoltaic enterprises, the overall level of capacity may reductions. "China Renewable Energy Society Vice President Meng XianGan said.
In fact, this year to adjust the photovoltaic industry support policies more than that. "" Solar power development 'second five' plan, "the 2015 solar power capacity target to more than 21GW. According to the" declaration distributed large-scale application of photovoltaic power generation demonstration area, the planning of distributed PV a total installed capacity of 15GW .
National Grid [microblogging] also published a good distribution of photovoltaic power generation and network services advice, asked the 10 kV voltage level connected to the grid, just apply for no cost, and purchase the full amount of generating capacity, with intent to gradually clearing the grid obstacles. China Photovoltaic Industry Alliance Secretary-General Wang Bo, analysts believe that these policies are to the growth of the PV solar cell market in China to bring good, but still need to improve policy implementation rules, the effect of policies to be tested. '
"Overcapacity in exports, comprehensive loss for the industry, it can be said that the 2012 is the darkest year for the photovoltaic industry in 2013 after nearly two years of difficulties, or become the year of the turning point of the photovoltaic industry." ChinaVenture Investment in Group microblogging ] analyst Li Ling said.
Li Ling believes that "the entire PV solar charge controller industry will usher in a fully integrated, survival of the fittest, capacity and low efficiency, poor management, outdated business philosophy, enterprises will be eliminated or merger. Expected loss of a large area of ??the industry as a whole in 2013, the situation is expected to improve photovoltaic industry will gradually return to the right track. "
"Although efforts to control the production capacity at the policy level, vigorously develop the domestic market imbalances and will not immediately solve the short-term production capacity imbalance adjustments also need to go through this process in 2013." Photovoltaic Industry Association of Jiangsu Province, the former Secretary-General Wei Qidong said.
"The components will continue to bear the the stage imbalance of pressure by double reverse effect of foreign demand on China components is expected to 10GW domestic related to promote the introduction of the policy so that domestic demand to reach 10GW, the actual demand for a total of about 20GW but PV module production in China in 2012 to integrate not effectively occur phased imbalance pressure will continue to bear the capacity in 2013. "China Photovoltaic Industry Association Secretary-General Wang Bo said.
China Renewable Energy Society Vice President Meng XianGan of you said, "in 2013, the PV industry will enter a deep industrial restructuring period." December 19, 2012, is undoubtedly good news for China's photovoltaic solar panel industry. The State Council, while emphasizing in market Daobi mechanism to encourage corporate mergers and acquisitions, eliminate backward production capacity. On the other hand, strict control of new project simply expand the production capacity of polysilicon, photovoltaic cells and modules.
"These policy measures are bound to a certain extent, to accelerate the industry reshuffle 2013, the PV industry will enter a depth industry adjustment to eliminate a number of capacity inefficient, high-cost photovoltaic enterprises, the overall level of capacity may reductions. "China Renewable Energy Society Vice President Meng XianGan said.
In fact, this year to adjust the photovoltaic industry support policies more than that. "" Solar power development 'second five' plan, "the 2015 solar power capacity target to more than 21GW. According to the" declaration distributed large-scale application of photovoltaic power generation demonstration area, the planning of distributed PV a total installed capacity of 15GW .
National Grid [microblogging] also published a good distribution of photovoltaic power generation and network services advice, asked the 10 kV voltage level connected to the grid, just apply for no cost, and purchase the full amount of generating capacity, with intent to gradually clearing the grid obstacles. China Photovoltaic Industry Alliance Secretary-General Wang Bo, analysts believe that these policies are to the growth of the PV solar cell market in China to bring good, but still need to improve policy implementation rules, the effect of policies to be tested. '
"Overcapacity in exports, comprehensive loss for the industry, it can be said that the 2012 is the darkest year for the photovoltaic industry in 2013 after nearly two years of difficulties, or become the year of the turning point of the photovoltaic industry." ChinaVenture Investment in Group microblogging ] analyst Li Ling said.
Li Ling believes that "the entire PV solar charge controller industry will usher in a fully integrated, survival of the fittest, capacity and low efficiency, poor management, outdated business philosophy, enterprises will be eliminated or merger. Expected loss of a large area of ??the industry as a whole in 2013, the situation is expected to improve photovoltaic industry will gradually return to the right track. "
"Although efforts to control the production capacity at the policy level, vigorously develop the domestic market imbalances and will not immediately solve the short-term production capacity imbalance adjustments also need to go through this process in 2013." Photovoltaic Industry Association of Jiangsu Province, the former Secretary-General Wei Qidong said.
"The components will continue to bear the the stage imbalance of pressure by double reverse effect of foreign demand on China components is expected to 10GW domestic related to promote the introduction of the policy so that domestic demand to reach 10GW, the actual demand for a total of about 20GW but PV module production in China in 2012 to integrate not effectively occur phased imbalance pressure will continue to bear the capacity in 2013. "China Photovoltaic Industry Association Secretary-General Wang Bo said.
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Why is Apple working on wind turbine technology?
Filing a patent for a new energy storage and generation system, it seems Apple may be looking at new ways to add clean energy to its manufacturing processes.
First discovered by Apple Insider, an application filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in June 2011 details an alternative wind turbine design that generates electricity from converting heat energy instead of rotational energy made possible by the movement of blades.
In standard turbine design, wind energy is used to turn the unit’s rotors, which then converts this type of power into electricity through powering machinery or sending it to generators. However, Apple’s patent design takes this one step further, and accounts for a problem faced by any system reliant on wind energy — the natural element’s variability.
Described as the “on-demand generation of electricity from stored wind energy,” the patent application details a mechanism in which rotational energy created by the turbine is used to generate heat, which is then stored in “low heat capacity” fluid. This energy is then transferred into a working fluid which creates steam, which replaces electricity in order to power mechanisms or generators.
As the energy is being stored, heat can be selectively transferred whenever there is a lull in wind activity, keeping machinery going and reducing reliance on back-up power systems.
First discovered by Apple Insider, an application filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in June 2011 details an alternative wind turbine design that generates electricity from converting heat energy instead of rotational energy made possible by the movement of blades.
In standard turbine design, wind energy is used to turn the unit’s rotors, which then converts this type of power into electricity through powering machinery or sending it to generators. However, Apple’s patent design takes this one step further, and accounts for a problem faced by any system reliant on wind energy — the natural element’s variability.
Described as the “on-demand generation of electricity from stored wind energy,” the patent application details a mechanism in which rotational energy created by the turbine is used to generate heat, which is then stored in “low heat capacity” fluid. This energy is then transferred into a working fluid which creates steam, which replaces electricity in order to power mechanisms or generators.
As the energy is being stored, heat can be selectively transferred whenever there is a lull in wind activity, keeping machinery going and reducing reliance on back-up power systems.
Saturday, December 29, 2012
New policies to PV industry focus on the market mechanism
China enacted policies to promote the development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry, which recently, calls for reigning in and organizing production.
Five policies were confirmed in the meeting, deciding to focus on market mechanisms. The first policy is to use market mechanisms to accelerate the improvement of industry structure and technology.
The second policy is to regulate the order of industry development, to coordinate the PV industry and power network design.
The third policy is to speed the development of the domestic PV market.
The fourth policy is a provision to support industry development. For example, to provide subsidies for PV power consumption.
The fifth policy is to strengthen the influence of market mechanisms and forbidding protectionism in local governments.
Han Qiming, an analyst with the PV industry, says that in the detailed policies, the state initiated differentiation in price-setting for different places, and the policy, may result in higher grid prices since the demand, thermal electricity prices and fiscal revenues are all higher than those in the West. While the West has more abundant thermal power and fewer power demands, the demand for PV electricity may be much lower.
According to the state's suggestion, the polisilicon, cell and module projects will be restricted. Equipment firms may focus more on the downstream section, for example, the construction of power stations. This may be good news for some major companies, for example YingliGreen Energy Co., JinkoSolar Holding Co., JA Solar Co., and HareonSolar Co., as they have entered into this phase.
The industry is paying close attention to the subsidies for distributed solar system and for renewable energy. And the profits for downstream power station construction are also promising, said Han. He added that installed capacity in Twelfth Five-Year plan may reach 30 GW, much higher than the previous planned goal 21 GW.
Five policies were confirmed in the meeting, deciding to focus on market mechanisms. The first policy is to use market mechanisms to accelerate the improvement of industry structure and technology.
The second policy is to regulate the order of industry development, to coordinate the PV industry and power network design.
The third policy is to speed the development of the domestic PV market.
The fourth policy is a provision to support industry development. For example, to provide subsidies for PV power consumption.
The fifth policy is to strengthen the influence of market mechanisms and forbidding protectionism in local governments.
Han Qiming, an analyst with the PV industry, says that in the detailed policies, the state initiated differentiation in price-setting for different places, and the policy, may result in higher grid prices since the demand, thermal electricity prices and fiscal revenues are all higher than those in the West. While the West has more abundant thermal power and fewer power demands, the demand for PV electricity may be much lower.
According to the state's suggestion, the polisilicon, cell and module projects will be restricted. Equipment firms may focus more on the downstream section, for example, the construction of power stations. This may be good news for some major companies, for example YingliGreen Energy Co., JinkoSolar Holding Co., JA Solar Co., and HareonSolar Co., as they have entered into this phase.
The industry is paying close attention to the subsidies for distributed solar system and for renewable energy. And the profits for downstream power station construction are also promising, said Han. He added that installed capacity in Twelfth Five-Year plan may reach 30 GW, much higher than the previous planned goal 21 GW.
Thursday, December 27, 2012
ODU engineers helping to design future of solar power
A solar tracking system is installed on the roof of Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University's engineering building, on Dec. 20, 2012. Energy-producing solar panels will be bolted onto the frame, and the motorized system will tilt the panels to track the sun for maximum efficiency.
In a lab at Old Dominion University, students and professors are helping design the future of electric power.
As the world burns the fossil fuels that produce most of today's electricity, there is a growing movement toward renewable energy sources such as the sun - clean, widely accessible and inexhaustible.
The week before Christmas, Marsillac, an associate professor of engineering at ODU, watched with barely contained excitement as a crane picked up a large stainless steel assembly and placed it gingerly onto the roof of Kaufman Hall, ODU's engineering building.
It's a solar tracking system. Over the next few weeks, 24 energy-producing photovoltaic solar panels will be bolted onto the frame. The motorized system is capable of tilting the panels to any angle, allowing them to follow the sun over the course of the day for maximum efficiency.
The solar array will include three types of panels. Inside the building, Marsillac's research team will test each type to determine which produces the most electricity.
In addition, the researchers are testing new materials to develop the next generation of cheaper, more efficient panels.
It's all made possible by more than $2 million in federal grants from the Department of Energy and the Defense Department.
Dominion Virginia Power, the state's largest electric utility, has kicked in $50,000.
Down the road, ODU hopes to be one of as many as 50 sites around the state in a pilot solar-generation program planned by Dominion. Given the OK by state regulators in November, Dominion plans to erect solar arrays capable of generating 30 megawatts of electricity - enough to power 6,000 homes.
Marsillac said he's convinced that as the solar industry grows, it will become economically competitive with traditional sources of electricity.
"The price goes down as you scale up," he said. "The price of panels has gone down by a factor of three in the past 10 years. That's huge.
In a lab at Old Dominion University, students and professors are helping design the future of electric power.
As the world burns the fossil fuels that produce most of today's electricity, there is a growing movement toward renewable energy sources such as the sun - clean, widely accessible and inexhaustible.
The week before Christmas, Marsillac, an associate professor of engineering at ODU, watched with barely contained excitement as a crane picked up a large stainless steel assembly and placed it gingerly onto the roof of Kaufman Hall, ODU's engineering building.
It's a solar tracking system. Over the next few weeks, 24 energy-producing photovoltaic solar panels will be bolted onto the frame. The motorized system is capable of tilting the panels to any angle, allowing them to follow the sun over the course of the day for maximum efficiency.
The solar array will include three types of panels. Inside the building, Marsillac's research team will test each type to determine which produces the most electricity.
In addition, the researchers are testing new materials to develop the next generation of cheaper, more efficient panels.
It's all made possible by more than $2 million in federal grants from the Department of Energy and the Defense Department.
Dominion Virginia Power, the state's largest electric utility, has kicked in $50,000.
Down the road, ODU hopes to be one of as many as 50 sites around the state in a pilot solar-generation program planned by Dominion. Given the OK by state regulators in November, Dominion plans to erect solar arrays capable of generating 30 megawatts of electricity - enough to power 6,000 homes.
Marsillac said he's convinced that as the solar industry grows, it will become economically competitive with traditional sources of electricity.
"The price goes down as you scale up," he said. "The price of panels has gone down by a factor of three in the past 10 years. That's huge.
Monday, December 24, 2012
Wind power industry in West pushes to extend expiring federal tax credit
As Congress struggles to avert the year-end “fiscal cliff” of tax-and-budget policy, there’s one expiring tax law that isn’t getting much press: The federal tax credit that subsidizes wind power production.
Wind power advocates and leading politicians in the West say this credit, which expires in a week, should be extended to preserve thousands of jobs and a growing, clean-energy industry.
But others say it’s time to let this subsidy die, for it’s skewing electricity markets, hurting other power producers, and not delivering on its promise of jobs.
“They go build a wind farm, they’re there for three to six months,” says Bob Winger, a union boilermaker from Billings and vocal critic of wind power subsidies. “Coal mines and coal-fired power plants are jobs day-in, day-out. … Who are all of these people (in wind) that they say are employed?”
According to figures compiled by the state and the wind power industry, wind projects in Montana have created about 1,300 construction jobs the past seven years — but only 86 permanent jobs.
Montana coal mines, whose product is burned to produce power, employ about 1,100 people, and coal-fired power plants here employ at least another 400.
The wind power production tax credit pays project owners $22 for every megawatt hour (mwh) of electricity they produce.
In the Pacific Northwest right now, spot-market prices for electricity are averaging $25 per mwh. So, while sellers of other types of power get $25 per mwh, a wind-power plant will get $47 per mwh, with the subsidy.
On rare occasions this year, during “off-peak” hours of low consumption, wholesale electricity prices have actually fallen below zero on the spot market, with wind-power producers paying suppliers to buy their power so projects can continue to collect the subsidy.
They might pay the “buyer” $5 per mwh to accept the power, but they still make $17 per mwh because of the subsidy.
Wind power advocates say this “negative pricing” is a rarity, and that the subsidy is justified because it levels the playing field for wind, in the face of long-standing tax breaks and favorable public policy for the production of oil, gas and coal.
“Everybody gets energy subsidies,” says Van Jamison, a vice president of Gaelectric, an Irish firm developing wind farms in central Montana. “We have a long history of government choosing winners and losers over a long period of time.”
Jamison and others note that hydraulic fracturing techniques and horizontal drilling that have led to a boom in oil and natural gas production are beneficiaries of generous tax breaks.
Wind industry officials say the $22-per-mwh production-tax credit is vital for the industry, and without it, scores of projects will founder and thousands of jobs will be lost.
Winger doesn’t doubt the wind industry needs the tax credit to flourish. He just questions whether it’s worth it, and says the money is not going into the pockets of very many workers, because wind plants produce few long-term, steady jobs.
The wind power industry says it has invested nearly $1.4 billion in Montana the past decade. It acknowledges that much of that money buys wind turbine and tower components, some of which are manufactured overseas.
In addition to spending on turbines and labor, wind projects also make land-lease payments to landowners and pay property taxes. Together, those total about $7 million a year in Montana, according to the American Wind Energy Association.
Coal mines in Montana paid about $60 million in severance taxes, gross proceeds taxes and property taxes last year, and another $90 million in royalties to government and private parties. Coal-fired power plants also paid millions of dollars in property taxes.
Wind power advocates and leading politicians in the West say this credit, which expires in a week, should be extended to preserve thousands of jobs and a growing, clean-energy industry.
But others say it’s time to let this subsidy die, for it’s skewing electricity markets, hurting other power producers, and not delivering on its promise of jobs.
“They go build a wind farm, they’re there for three to six months,” says Bob Winger, a union boilermaker from Billings and vocal critic of wind power subsidies. “Coal mines and coal-fired power plants are jobs day-in, day-out. … Who are all of these people (in wind) that they say are employed?”
According to figures compiled by the state and the wind power industry, wind projects in Montana have created about 1,300 construction jobs the past seven years — but only 86 permanent jobs.
Montana coal mines, whose product is burned to produce power, employ about 1,100 people, and coal-fired power plants here employ at least another 400.
The wind power production tax credit pays project owners $22 for every megawatt hour (mwh) of electricity they produce.
In the Pacific Northwest right now, spot-market prices for electricity are averaging $25 per mwh. So, while sellers of other types of power get $25 per mwh, a wind-power plant will get $47 per mwh, with the subsidy.
On rare occasions this year, during “off-peak” hours of low consumption, wholesale electricity prices have actually fallen below zero on the spot market, with wind-power producers paying suppliers to buy their power so projects can continue to collect the subsidy.
They might pay the “buyer” $5 per mwh to accept the power, but they still make $17 per mwh because of the subsidy.
Wind power advocates say this “negative pricing” is a rarity, and that the subsidy is justified because it levels the playing field for wind, in the face of long-standing tax breaks and favorable public policy for the production of oil, gas and coal.
“Everybody gets energy subsidies,” says Van Jamison, a vice president of Gaelectric, an Irish firm developing wind farms in central Montana. “We have a long history of government choosing winners and losers over a long period of time.”
Jamison and others note that hydraulic fracturing techniques and horizontal drilling that have led to a boom in oil and natural gas production are beneficiaries of generous tax breaks.
Wind industry officials say the $22-per-mwh production-tax credit is vital for the industry, and without it, scores of projects will founder and thousands of jobs will be lost.
Winger doesn’t doubt the wind industry needs the tax credit to flourish. He just questions whether it’s worth it, and says the money is not going into the pockets of very many workers, because wind plants produce few long-term, steady jobs.
The wind power industry says it has invested nearly $1.4 billion in Montana the past decade. It acknowledges that much of that money buys wind turbine and tower components, some of which are manufactured overseas.
In addition to spending on turbines and labor, wind projects also make land-lease payments to landowners and pay property taxes. Together, those total about $7 million a year in Montana, according to the American Wind Energy Association.
Coal mines in Montana paid about $60 million in severance taxes, gross proceeds taxes and property taxes last year, and another $90 million in royalties to government and private parties. Coal-fired power plants also paid millions of dollars in property taxes.
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